A filter removes a 32KHz sampling frequency contained within the output signal, which is recieved by an iPhone/Android mobile phone via their microphone input.An effort to find evidence of electrodermal response in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), as found in man, some infra-human genera of Simiae.By virtue of the Galvanic Skin Response, autonomic nervous system activity causes a change in the skins conductivity.
The sweat glands are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, so skin conductance can be used as an indication of psychological or physiological arousal.Parts list and build instructions available here. Arduino code here.Very interesting work demonstrating the direct communication with the iPhone. We measured both their galvanic skin response (GSR) and heart rate. Previous investigations have shown the galvanic skin response to be a sensitive measure of stressful situations in virtual environments. The participants in our experiment were instructed to watch a video of a ball-interception game.Consistent with this, they demonstrate that the monkeys showed increased autonomic arousal, in the form of increased galvanic skin response, to averted relative to directed heads/gaze, but no difference among emotional and neutral expressions.Anna Dumitriu, Tom Keene and Alex May have led a 2-day workshop at the 17th International Symposium on Electronic Art ( ISEA 2011) about Biosensing and Networked Performance and instructed participants how to build and calibrate their own iPhone compatible/connectable Galvanic Skin Response Sensors (GSR) to record subtle changes in their emotional arousal.Numerous research projects have shown an effective biological response to various sounds and sonic vibration frequencies. Certain uses of sound have shown a direct effect on body function: heart rate, pulse rate, respiration, galvanic skin response (GSR), electromyography (EMG), brainwaves (EEG) and general stress reduction responses.A GSR sensor connects to an Arduino board.
One electrode gets 1.5v (from an external battery) and the other electrode has a 1M resistor and a 1M pot going into ground.Mustafa Bagdatli and Che-Wei Wang share the same circuit and code principles and also provide nice pictures and screenshots about their work. GSR (galvanic skin response from on hemianopic case. If measuring conduction where there is a stimulus the skin is changing slightly.According to the makers, when a 9v battery is attached, the device takes 1 second to startup, then plays a 3 second startup sequence (composed by Caryl Mann).
Emotional experiences are tuned by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) preparing us to face a plethora of environmental challenges (Levenson, 2003). Due to relatively simplicity of measurement, and a quite good repeatability GSR can be considered to be useful and simple method for examining autonomic nervous system function, specifically the peripheral sympathetic system.A sample GSR signal of 60 seconds (Source: wikipedia).The simple psycho-galvanometer was one of the earliest tools of psychological research. A psycho-galvanometer measures the resistance of the skin to the passage of a very small electric current. It has been known for decades that the magnitude of this electrical resistance is affected, not only by the subject’s general mood, but also by immediate emotional reactions.
( 2005) after exposing macaques to a threatening person observed the nose temperature consistently going down. Functional Infrared Thermal Imaging (fITI) is a highly sensitive and versatile technique that converts infrared light into temperature allowing wireless monitoring of the participant (Ring and Ammer, 2012).So far the non-human primate studies that used thermal imaging used stress-inducing experimental paradigms. Direct contact with the body limits the nature of the experimental paradigm and the use of temperature sensors on the skin is not an option as they get detached through contact, cover a small surface area and pressure on the skin can induce changes to regional blood flow affecting physiological recordings (Nakayama et al., 2005). Although in humans a somatosensory distinction between the different types of emotion exists (Nummenmaa et al., 2014), for non-human primates one has to draw conclusions either by coding behaviors or by assessing endocrinological, skeletomuscular, or neurological changes (Levenson, 2003).Conventional physiological measurements limit the way biological data is collected since they require restriction of the subject's movement (Nakayama et al., 2005 Kuraoka and Nakamura, 2011) or invasive implantation of radio telemetric probes for autonomic monitoring (Vianna and Carrive, 2005). Autonomic excitation precedes behavioral engagement and by cognitively evaluating the situation in which the physiological episode arose descriptive labels are commonly attributed to the felt emotion (Schachter and Singer, 1962 Dutton and Aron, 1974). Each emotion is driven by characteristic physiological elements and in the majority of cases conscious awareness of the somatic sensation gives feedback for avoidance or engagement (Damasio, 1996).
Electrophysiological recording that used the same threatening stimuli demonstrated increased neuronal activity in the monkey's amygdala. In another study involving macaques, subjects exposed to videos with aggressive threats or screams showed a temperature decrease on the nose. Eye temperature increases have been observed in cows during stress (Stewart et al., 2007).
The main comparison of the current study was between teasing (negative), play (positive), and feeding. Unlike previous studies in thermal physiology, temperature extraction was based on four different facial regions of interest the nose bridge and tip, the maxillary area and the peri-orbital region. Although the above non-human primate studies represent a first step toward understanding facial skin temperatures in species closely related to humans, they hardly represent a naturalistic experimental setting.The current study was set to examine with fITI how macaques react to playing, teasing and feeding while retaining a semi-experimental setting.
During this experimental phase chollinergic and β-adrenergic sympathetic stimulation of the blood vessels could account for small vasodilatory effects on specific facial regions (Smith and Kampine, 1990). Thus, it is expected that teasing will lead to elevated temperature patterns on the peri-orbital region, as the supraorbital branch that innervates the forehead and the superior palpebral branch are thermally coherent (Pavlidis et al., 2002 Ioannou et al., 2014a). Thus, with the current experimental conditions we aim to create with the chosen experimental conditions adequate physiological contrast to describe the directionality of the thermal change and explore the plausibility of harnessing thermal prints from non-restrained subjects.Although temperature related animal literature is scarce, human studies that exposed participants in real-life “harassment” scenarios (eliciting anger) have observed an increase in forehead temperature, α-adrenergic, and β-adrenergic increases, local increases in facial blood perfusion (Stemmler et al., 1991) and vascular constriction on facial periphery (Prkachin et al., 1999). Experimental conditions that represent a “baseline” or “a perfect contrast pair” have always been a major methodological challenge in physiology (Levenson, 1988), a task that gets even more difficult when dealing with non-human subjects. It is important to note however, that a true comparison between the opposing subdivision of the ANS hardly exists as empirical evidence show that the parasympathetic nervous system plays a role in both pleasant and unpleasant emotions (Kreibig, 2010, p.
Feeding has been added as an additional condition to examine since in many biology textbooks the parasympathetic nervous system has been characterized as the “resting and digestive” system (Herlihy, 2015, p. Nevertheless, in both occasions it is believed that this will lead to a temperature decrease on to the periphery of the face as a result of α-adrenergic influence since vascular constriction independent of heart rate defines the emitted heat signals (Vianna and Carrive, 2005). Whereas amusement is characterized by vagal engagement and a α-adrenergic increase happiness is characterized by vagal withdrawal (Van Reekum et al., 2004).
In addition, the subjects were simultaneously video-recorded with a regular camcorder (JVC Everio). It was placed approximately one meter away and in front of the subject aiming at capturing frontal shots and recorded under no direct sunlight. The aim of this study and the current article is to pave the way for a new promising experimental method in the field of behavioral neuroscience.For the thermal recordings, a TP8 Camera (ThermoPro™) was used with an acquisition rate of 1 frame per second, a resolution of 384 × 288 pixels, a sensitivity of 0.08 K, and an accuracy of ☐.1☌. Observed temperature changes throughout the conditions would suggest that animals could be physiologically monitored from a distance with fITI providing new insights in biological research. Lastly behavioral analysis was also conducted to ensure that temperature changes for each experimental condition did not result from the subjects' movement. This system which has been also named dorsal vagal complex (Porges, 2001) is associated with bradycardia and vasodilation thus one would expect during this phase for temperature on the face to rise.
The outdoor temperatures and the hours of the day were reported for play (mean: 6.5☌ range: 10:30 a.m. In order to collect an adequate amount of data in total four sessions took place, two for each day. No high-arousal interactions (such as fights or sexual behaviors) were observed during the testing and breaks. Between each test session a period of up to 5 min was allowed in order for the subjects face to return back to baseline values during which the experimenter was out of sight. For both days the test sessions started off with playing and feeding, followed by teasing. Altogether 26 play, 16 teasing, and 30 feeding sessions were recorded on 2 days, in November 2013 and January 2014.
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